Hypergamy' refers to the act of a person dating or marrying a spouse of higher social status (i.e. higher economic class) than themselves.

In February 2024, the South Korean government announced plans to increase the number of trainee doctors and the yearly intake of medical school students. The plan resulted in medical professionals affiliated with the Korean Medical Association going on strike and demanding the government withdraw the proposal.

A country can ‘index a wage’ by pegging workers’ wages to a specified index, typically inflation. For instance, if the overall cost of living increases by 3%, wages would be automatically adjusted by the same percentage.

‘Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)’ refers to migrant workers from the Philippines working abroad. The Philippines government has encouraged and facilitated migration through formal institutions and laws.

There are around 2.33 million OFWs worldwide, ranging from unskilled laborers (e.g. manual laborers, domestic helpers, etc.) to skilled laborers (e.g. nurses, engineers, etc.). The remittances OFWs send back to the Philippines are reported to constitute about 10% of the national GDP.

For the purpose of the debate, ‘study-flex’ refers to an individual’s act of publicly displaying their daily studying (e.g. study vlog, yeolpumta, study-Instagram, etc.).

There are generally two approaches to addressing school bullying:

In the ‘Administration Model’, the Office of Education, which oversees schools in a given area, steps in upon receiving a report. They automatically convene the Violence Committee within the Office to handle the case, with teachers from the reported school unable to intervene. Ultimately, it is the Violence Committee that determines the punishment for the offender.

In the ‘School Model’, individual school itself, along with its teachers, takes the lead in managing reported cases. They have the autonomy to decide on the appropriate resolution, whether it involves mediation or disciplinary measures (e.g. internal Violence Committee).

South Korea’s ‘interest rate co-movement policy’ refers to synchronizing its central bank’s interest rates with the United States Federal Reserve. South Korea has traditionally adopted this policy when deciding its fiscal interest rate.

Germany recently announced a plan to decrease economic dependence on China, a strategy known as ‘de-risking’. Specific measures include technological decoupling, tightening investment, and moving manufacturing companies currently in China to elsewhere.

‘Gender-based presumptions in favour of women’ in court refers to practices where judges accord more weight to women’s testimony if other evidence is insufficient. It could manifest, for instance, through convicting an individual for harassment primarily based on the woman’s testimony.

<div><font color="#000000">The feminist movement in developed countries historically took a ‘carceral approach’, which supports enhancing and increasing prison sentences as a solution for feminist and gender issues (i.e. harsher punishment for sexual and domestic violence).</font></div><div><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div><font color="#000000">The recently growing ‘anti-carceral approach’ disagrees with carceral feminism and instead advocates for abolishing police and prison and reallocating resources for education, social housing, and community security.</font></div>

A ‘divided government’ is a type of government in presidential systems, when the ruling party that controls the executive branch failed to secure the majority seats in the legislative branch.

To ‘detransition’ means that a transgender person who underwent gender affirmation undoes and reverses the medical, legal, and social transition process. The transgender community has negatively viewed the term due to the implication of associating transition with regret and some detransitioned individuals becoming political activists opposing gender affirmation surgery.

‘Zionism’ is a religious ideology that emerged in the late 19th century that aspired to the creation of a state for Jews in their ancestral homeland. It inspired the political movement that established the State of Israel in 1948 and continues to believe that Jews in other parts of the world should be granted a right to reside in Israel.

International refugee laws stipulate that displaced individuals and their descendants have the 'right to return' to their country of origin, even when the sovereignty over the territory is currently being contested.

In Lebanon, each recognized religious community has its own set of religious courts that administer laws that reflect their religious values on civil issues such as marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance. Individuals can have their legal dispute settled by a religious court that aligns with their faith.

'Deferred gratification' is a religious norm which tells believers to resist a temptation for an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more valuable one in the future.

'Jeong(정, 情)' is a cultural concept that emphasizes deep and open emotional connections and shared experiences between individuals within a community. It sees acts such as performing favours for others without expecting compensation and embracing communal responsibilities as virtuous.

The ‘reintegrative shaming’ model uses instilling shame in offenders for their acts as an instrument for rehabilitation. Examples include viscerally showing the harm caused by the offence, exposing the offender to public shame, and demanding the offender's public apology.